What causes asbestos related lung cancer?

Posted October 13, 2023

What Causes Asbestos-Related Lung Cancer?

Asbestos-related lung cancer develops when asbestos fibers are inhaled or ingested, becoming lodged in the lungs. Over time, these microscopic fibers damage lung tissue, leading to cancer. Asbestos was once widely used in construction and industrial products due to its fire-resistant properties but is now recognized as a dangerous carcinogen.

How Asbestos Exposure Causes Lung Cancer

When asbestos fibers are inhaled, they bypass the body’s natural defenses, such as mucus and protective hairs in the respiratory tract. The fibers settle in the alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs, where they cannot be broken down by the human body. Over decades, this exposure causes scarring and cellular damage, increasing the likelihood of cancerous growths.

Who Is Most at Risk?

Certain groups are at higher risk of developing asbestos-related lung cancer, including:

Smokers with asbestos exposure: Smoking combined with asbestos exposure significantly increases the risk of lung cancer.

Workers in asbestos-heavy industries: Miners, construction workers, shipbuilders, and factory workers.

Residents near asbestos mines or factories: People living in proximity to these areas faced environmental exposure.

Family members of workers: Asbestos dust carried home on clothes could expose family members.

Common Types of Asbestos-Related Lung Cancer

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): The most common type linked to asbestos.
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): A more aggressive form of lung cancer.
Adenocarcinoma: Another form that can result from asbestos exposure.

Diagnosing Asbestos-Related Lung Cancer

Symptoms to Watch For

Persistent coughing or wheezing.
Shortness of breath.
Chest pain or discomfort.

Diagnostic Process

Initial Consultation: A GP will review symptoms and working history to assess potential asbestos exposure.
Specialist Testing: Referral to a specialist may include:
- X-rays or CT scans to detect abnormalities.
- Lung function tests to measure capacity and performance.

Challenges in Diagnosis

According to the NHS, lung cancer symptoms often appear after the cancer has spread, making early detection difficult. This late diagnosis impacts treatment outcomes.

Treatment Options for Asbestos-Related Lung Cancer

While there is no cure, treatment can help manage symptoms and extend life expectancy. Common treatments include:

Surgery: To remove localized tumors.
Chemotherapy: To slow cancer progression.
Radiation Therapy: To target and kill cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy: To attack specific cancer pathways.

The Long-Term Impact of Asbestos Exposure

Delayed Onset: Symptoms typically appear 20-40 years after exposure.
Fatality Rates: Only one-third of those diagnosed survive beyond one year, with fewer than 1 in 20 surviving past 20 years.
Rising Death Toll: In the UK, 3000 annual deaths are attributed to asbestos-related lung cancer, mirroring similar figures for mesothelioma.

Prevention and Regular Screenings

If you’ve been exposed to asbestos, regular lung cancer screenings are critical. Early detection increases the chances of effective treatment. Consult your GP if you experience persistent respiratory symptoms or have a history of asbestos exposure.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What causes asbestos-related lung cancer?

A: It is caused by inhaling or ingesting asbestos fibers, which become lodged in the lungs. Over time, these fibers damage the tissue, leading to cancerous growths.

Q: Who is most at risk?

A: High-risk groups include workers in industries with heavy asbestos use, residents near mines or factories, family members exposed to asbestos dust, and smokers with asbestos exposure.

Q: How is it diagnosed and treated?

A: Diagnosis involves imaging tests, lung function assessments, and a review of exposure history. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies.